On February 18th, a wastewater storage embankment at a copper mine in Zambia’s Copperbelt Province collapsed, releasing over 50 million litres of toxic waste into the Mwambashi River. This river feeds into the Kafue, the country’s longest river and a vital water source for millions who depend on it for drinking water, agriculture, and fishing.
The spill, linked to Chinese-owned mining operation Sino-Metals Leach Zambia in Kitwe, contained highly acidic effluent, resulting in widespread fish deaths, crop destruction, and severe water shortages. Communities in Kitwe and surrounding areas have been left without safe water, while farmers report damage to maize and groundnut fields. Toxic heavy metals in the contaminated water pose long-term health risks through bioaccumulation in food crops and aquatic life.
Home to 450 bird species
Beyond human impact, the disaster threatens the delicate ecosystem of the Kafue Flats, a designated Key Biodiversity Area. This region is home to over 450 bird species, including the endemic Zambian Barbet, Vulnerable Wattled Crane, and Endangered vultures. It also harbors the iconic Kafue lechwe, an antelope species found only in Zambia. Pollution on this scale could have lasting consequences, disrupting fragile habitats and leading to biodiversity loss.
In response, the Zambian government has launched an independent investigation into pollution incidents in the Copperbelt region. Authorities acknowledge that mining-related contamination has been an ongoing concern, with previous spills causing similar environmental damage. However, the full extent of the latest disaster remains unclear.
Demand accountability
Conservation organisation BirdWatch Zambia (BWZ) has joined the Zambia Environmental Justice Coalition to demand accountability and stricter environmental oversight. “This is not the first time such a disaster has occurred, and the damage to both people and nature is unacceptable,” says Mary Malasa, BWZ’s Program Manager. “While we commend the government’s response, a proactive approach is needed to prevent these incidents rather than just reacting after the damage is done.”
BWZ is calling on the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) to enforce stricter regulations and ensure compliance with environmental safety measures. The organisation warns that without immediate intervention, repeated mining-related pollution will continue to threaten Zambia’s waterways, livelihoods, and biodiversity.
As investigations continue, affected communities face ongoing challenges with water shortages, crop failures, and economic losses. The disaster highlights the urgent need for stronger environmental policies to protect both people and nature from unchecked industrial pollution.
Feature image of a Wattled Cranes bathing by Per Arne Slotte
